Time¶
-
class
astropy.time.
Time
(val, val2=None, format=None, scale=None, precision=None, in_subfmt=None, out_subfmt=None, location=None, copy=False)[source] [edit on github]¶ Bases:
object
Represent and manipulate times and dates for astronomy.
A
Time
object is initialized with one or more times in theval
argument. The input times inval
must conform to the specifiedformat
and must correspond to the specified timescale
. The optionalval2
time input should be supplied only for numeric input formats (e.g. JD) where very high precision (better than 64-bit precision) is required.The allowed values for
format
can be listed with:>>> list(Time.FORMATS) ['jd', 'mjd', 'decimalyear', 'unix', 'cxcsec', 'gps', 'plot_date', 'datetime', 'iso', 'isot', 'yday', 'fits', 'byear', 'jyear', 'byear_str', 'jyear_str']
Parameters: val : sequence, str, number, or
Time
objectValue(s) to initialize the time or times.
val2 : sequence, str, or number; optional
Value(s) to initialize the time or times.
format : str, optional
Format of input value(s)
scale : str, optional
Time scale of input value(s), must be one of the following: (‘tai’, ‘tcb’, ‘tcg’, ‘tdb’, ‘tt’, ‘ut1’, ‘utc’)
precision : int, optional
Digits of precision in string representation of time
in_subfmt : str, optional
Subformat for inputting string times
out_subfmt : str, optional
Subformat for outputting string times
location :
EarthLocation
or tuple, optionalIf given as an tuple, it should be able to initialize an an EarthLocation instance, i.e., either contain 3 items with units of length for geocentric coordinates, or contain a longitude, latitude, and an optional height for geodetic coordinates. Can be a single location, or one for each input time.
copy : bool, optional
Make a copy of the input values
Attributes Summary
FORMATS
Dict of time formats SCALES
List of time scales T
Return a time instance with the data transposed. cache
Return the cache associated with this instance. delta_tdb_tt
TDB - TT time scale offset delta_ut1_utc
UT1 - UTC time scale offset format
Get or set time format. in_subfmt
Unix wildcard pattern to select subformats for parsing string input times. info
Container for meta information like name, description, format. isscalar
jd1
First of the two doubles that internally store time value(s) in JD. jd2
Second of the two doubles that internally store time value(s) in JD. ndim
out_subfmt
Unix wildcard pattern to select subformats for outputting times. precision
Decimal precision when outputting seconds as floating point (int value between 0 and 9 inclusive). scale
Time scale shape
The shape of the time instances. size
value
Time value(s) in current format Methods Summary
argmax
([axis, out])Return indices of the maximum values along the given axis. argmin
([axis, out])Return indices of the minimum values along the given axis. argsort
([axis])Returns the indices that would sort the time array. copy
([format])Return a fully independent copy the Time object, optionally changing the format. diagonal
(*args, **kwargs)Return a time instance with the specified diagonals. flatten
(*args, **kwargs)Return a copy with the time array collapsed into one dimension. get_delta_ut1_utc
([iers_table, return_status])Find UT1 - UTC differences by interpolating in IERS Table. max
([axis, out, keepdims])Maximum along a given axis. min
([axis, out, keepdims])Minimum along a given axis. now
()Creates a new object corresponding to the instant in time this method is called. ptp
([axis, out, keepdims])Peak to peak (maximum - minimum) along a given axis. ravel
(*args, **kwargs)Return an instance with the time array collapsed into one dimension. replicate
([format, copy])Return a replica of the Time object, optionally changing the format. reshape
(*args, **kwargs)Returns a time instance containing the same data with a new shape. sidereal_time
(kind[, longitude, model])Calculate sidereal time. sort
([axis])Return a copy sorted along the specified axis. squeeze
(*args, **kwargs)Return a time instance with single-dimensional shape entries removed swapaxes
(*args, **kwargs)Return a time instance with the given axes interchanged. take
(indices[, axis, mode])Return a Time object formed from the elements the given indices. to_datetime
([timezone])Convert to (potentially timezone-aware) datetime
object.transpose
(*args, **kwargs)Return a time instance with the data transposed. Attributes Documentation
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FORMATS
= OrderedDict([(u'jd', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeJD'>), (u'mjd', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeMJD'>), (u'decimalyear', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeDecimalYear'>), (u'unix', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeUnix'>), (u'cxcsec', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeCxcSec'>), (u'gps', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeGPS'>), (u'plot_date', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimePlotDate'>), (u'datetime', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeDatetime'>), (u'iso', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeISO'>), (u'isot', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeISOT'>), (u'yday', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeYearDayTime'>), (u'fits', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeFITS'>), (u'byear', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeBesselianEpoch'>), (u'jyear', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeJulianEpoch'>), (u'byear_str', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeBesselianEpochString'>), (u'jyear_str', <class 'astropy.time.formats.TimeJulianEpochString'>)])¶ Dict of time formats
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SCALES
= (u'tai', u'tcb', u'tcg', u'tdb', u'tt', u'ut1', u'utc')¶ List of time scales
-
T
¶ Return a time instance with the data transposed.
Parameters are as for
T
. All internal data are views of the data of the original.
-
cache
¶ Return the cache associated with this instance.
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delta_tdb_tt
¶ TDB - TT time scale offset
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delta_ut1_utc
¶ UT1 - UTC time scale offset
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format
¶ Get or set time format.
The format defines the way times are represented when accessed via the
.value
attribute. By default it is the same as the format used for initializing theTime
instance, but it can be set to any other value that could be used for initialization. These can be listed with:>>> list(Time.FORMATS) ['jd', 'mjd', 'decimalyear', 'unix', 'cxcsec', 'gps', 'plot_date', 'datetime', 'iso', 'isot', 'yday', 'fits', 'byear', 'jyear', 'byear_str', 'jyear_str']
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in_subfmt
¶ Unix wildcard pattern to select subformats for parsing string input times.
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info
¶ Container for meta information like name, description, format. This is required when the object is used as a mixin column within a table, but can be used as a general way to store meta information.
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isscalar
¶
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jd1
¶ First of the two doubles that internally store time value(s) in JD.
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jd2
¶ Second of the two doubles that internally store time value(s) in JD.
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ndim
¶
-
out_subfmt
¶ Unix wildcard pattern to select subformats for outputting times.
-
precision
¶ Decimal precision when outputting seconds as floating point (int value between 0 and 9 inclusive).
-
scale
¶ Time scale
-
shape
¶ The shape of the time instances.
Like
shape
, can be set to a new shape by assigning a tuple.Raises: AttributeError: if the shape of the ``jd1``, ``jd2``, ``location``,
``delta_ut1_utc``, or ``delta_tdb_tt`` attributes cannot be changed
without the arrays being copied. For these cases, use the
`Time.reshape` method.
-
size
¶
-
value
¶ Time value(s) in current format
Methods Documentation
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argmax
(axis=None, out=None)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return indices of the maximum values along the given axis.
This is similar to
argmax()
, but adapted to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is used. Seeargmax()
for detailed documentation.
-
argmin
(axis=None, out=None)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return indices of the minimum values along the given axis.
This is similar to
argmin()
, but adapted to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is used. Seeargmin()
for detailed documentation.
-
argsort
(axis=-1)[source] [edit on github]¶ Returns the indices that would sort the time array.
This is similar to
argsort()
, but adapted to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is used, and that corresponding attributes are copied. Internally, it useslexsort()
, and hence no sort method can be chosen.
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copy
(format=None)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a fully independent copy the Time object, optionally changing the format.
If
format
is supplied then the time format of the returned Time object will be set accordingly, otherwise it will be unchanged from the original.In this method a full copy of the internal time arrays will be made. The internal time arrays are normally not changeable by the user so in most cases the
replicate()
method should be used.Parameters: format : str, optional
Time format of the copy.
Returns: tm : Time object
Copy of this object
-
diagonal
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a time instance with the specified diagonals.
Parameters are as for
diagonal()
. All internal data are views of the data of the original.
-
flatten
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a copy with the time array collapsed into one dimension.
Parameters are as for
flatten()
.
-
get_delta_ut1_utc
(iers_table=None, return_status=False)[source] [edit on github]¶ Find UT1 - UTC differences by interpolating in IERS Table.
Parameters: iers_table :
astropy.utils.iers.IERS
table, optionalTable containing UT1-UTC differences from IERS Bulletins A and/or B. If
None
, use default version (seeastropy.utils.iers
)return_status : bool
Whether to return status values. If
False
(default), iers raisesIndexError
if any time is out of the range covered by the IERS table.Returns: ut1_utc : float or float array
UT1-UTC, interpolated in IERS Table
status : int or int array
Status values (if
return_status=`True`
)::astropy.utils.iers.FROM_IERS_B
astropy.utils.iers.FROM_IERS_A
astropy.utils.iers.FROM_IERS_A_PREDICTION
astropy.utils.iers.TIME_BEFORE_IERS_RANGE
astropy.utils.iers.TIME_BEYOND_IERS_RANGE
Notes
In normal usage, UT1-UTC differences are calculated automatically on the first instance ut1 is needed.
Examples
To check in code whether any times are before the IERS table range:
>>> from astropy.utils.iers import TIME_BEFORE_IERS_RANGE >>> t = Time(['1961-01-01', '2000-01-01'], scale='utc') >>> delta, status = t.get_delta_ut1_utc(return_status=True) >>> status == TIME_BEFORE_IERS_RANGE array([ True, False], dtype=bool)
To use an updated IERS A bulletin to calculate UT1-UTC (see also
astropy.utils.iers
):>>> from astropy.utils.iers import IERS_A, IERS_A_URL >>> from astropy.utils.data import download_file >>> t = Time(['1974-01-01', '2000-01-01'], scale='utc') >>> iers_a_file = download_file(IERS_A_URL, ... cache=True) Downloading ... [Done] >>> iers_a = IERS_A.open(iers_a_file) >>> t.delta_ut1_utc = t.get_delta_ut1_utc(iers_a)
The delta_ut1_utc property will be used to calculate t.ut1; raises IndexError if any of the times is out of range.
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max
(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False)[source] [edit on github]¶ Maximum along a given axis.
This is similar to
max()
, but adapted to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is used, and that corresponding attributes are copied.Note that the
out
argument is present only for compatibility withnp.max
; sinceTime
instances are immutable, it is not possible to have an actualout
to store the result in.
-
min
(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False)[source] [edit on github]¶ Minimum along a given axis.
This is similar to
min()
, but adapted to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is used, and that corresponding attributes are copied.Note that the
out
argument is present only for compatibility withnp.min
; sinceTime
instances are immutable, it is not possible to have an actualout
to store the result in.
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classmethod
now
()[source] [edit on github]¶ Creates a new object corresponding to the instant in time this method is called.
Note
“Now” is determined using the
utcnow
function, so its accuracy and precision is determined by that function. Generally that means it is set by the accuracy of your system clock.Returns: nowtime
-
ptp
(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False)[source] [edit on github]¶ Peak to peak (maximum - minimum) along a given axis.
This is similar to
ptp()
, but adapted to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is used.Note that the
out
argument is present only for compatibility withptp
; sinceTime
instances are immutable, it is not possible to have an actualout
to store the result in.
-
ravel
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return an instance with the time array collapsed into one dimension.
Parameters are as for
ravel()
. Note that it is not always possible to unravel an array without copying the data. If you want an error to be raise if the data is copied, you should should assign shape(-1,)
to the shape attribute.
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replicate
(format=None, copy=False)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a replica of the Time object, optionally changing the format.
If
format
is supplied then the time format of the returned Time object will be set accordingly, otherwise it will be unchanged from the original.If
copy
is set toTrue
then a full copy of the internal time arrays will be made. By default the replica will use a reference to the original arrays when possible to save memory. The internal time arrays are normally not changeable by the user so in most cases it should not be necessary to setcopy
toTrue
.The convenience method copy() is available in which
copy
isTrue
by default.Parameters: format : str, optional
Time format of the replica.
copy : bool, optional
Return a true copy instead of using references where possible.
Returns: tm : Time object
Replica of this object
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reshape
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Returns a time instance containing the same data with a new shape.
Parameters are as for
reshape()
. Note that it is not always possible to change the shape of an array without copying the data. If you want an error to be raise if the data is copied, you should assign the new shape to the shape attribute.
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sidereal_time
(kind, longitude=None, model=None)[source] [edit on github]¶ Calculate sidereal time.
Parameters: kind : str
'mean'
or'apparent'
, i.e., accounting for precession only, or also for nutation.longitude :
Quantity
,str
, orNone
; optionalThe longitude on the Earth at which to compute the sidereal time. Can be given as a
Quantity
with angular units (or anAngle
orLongitude
), or as a name of an observatory (currently, only'greenwich'
is supported, equivalent to 0 deg). IfNone
(default), thelon
attribute of the Time object is used.model : str or
None
; optionalPrecession (and nutation) model to use. The available ones are: - apparent: [u’IAU1994’, u’IAU2000A’, u’IAU2000B’, u’IAU2006A’] - mean: [u’IAU1982’, u’IAU2000’, u’IAU2006’] If
None
(default), the last (most recent) one from the appropriate list above is used.Returns: sidereal time :
Longitude
Sidereal time as a quantity with units of hourangle
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sort
(axis=-1)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a copy sorted along the specified axis.
This is similar to
sort()
, but internally uses indexing withlexsort()
to ensure that the full precision given by the two doublesjd1
andjd2
is kept, and that corresponding attributes are properly sorted and copied as well.Parameters: axis : int or None
Axis to be sorted. If
None
, the flattened array is sorted. By default, sort over the last axis.
-
squeeze
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a time instance with single-dimensional shape entries removed
Parameters are as for
squeeze()
. All internal data are views of the data of the original.
-
swapaxes
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a time instance with the given axes interchanged.
Parameters are as for
swapaxes()
. All internal data are views of the data of the original.
-
take
(indices, axis=None, mode=u'raise')[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a Time object formed from the elements the given indices.
Parameters are as for
take()
, except that, obviously, no output array can be given.
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to_datetime
(timezone=None)[source] [edit on github]¶ Convert to (potentially timezone-aware)
datetime
object.If
timezone
is notNone
, return a timezone-aware datetime object.Parameters: timezone : {
tzinfo
, None} (optional)If not
None
, return timezone-aware datetime.Returns: If
timezone
is notNone
, output will be timezone-aware.
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transpose
(*args, **kwargs)[source] [edit on github]¶ Return a time instance with the data transposed.
Parameters are as for
transpose()
. All internal data are views of the data of the original.
-